When are there jellyfish in Italy?

Box jellyfish are recorded most in July and August — and this is the one that matters, because the sting is severe.

Box jellyfish (severe sting)

Recorded well above the expected rate in July and August, peaking at 2.7× the expected rate. Based on 663 records.

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Recorded vs expected	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.4	1.1	2.1	2.7	1.2	0.3	0.3	0.2

Mauve stinger (painful sting)

Recorded well above the expected rate in June, July and August, peaking at 2.4× the expected rate. Based on 2,727 records.

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Recorded vs expected	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.5	1.3	2.0	2.4	1.1	0.3	0.1	0.2

True jellyfish (varies by species)

Recorded well above the expected rate in July and August, peaking at 2.2× the expected rate. Based on 8,983 records.

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Recorded vs expected	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.7	1.2	1.7	2.2	1.0	0.4	0.2	0.4

What these numbers are, and what they are not

1.0 means "as often as expected". Nobody counts jellyfish; people report the ones they run into, and far more people are at the coast in summer. So a raw monthly count of sightings is mostly a picture of the holiday season.

To strip that out, each month's jellyfish records are divided by the records of a control group — molluscs, logged by the same people on the same coast in the same months. What is left is the seasonality that is not explained by there simply being more observers about. A 2.0 means jellyfish were reported twice as often as the level of recording that month would predict.

It is not abundance, and it is not your chance of being stung. It is also not comparable with another country: national totals reflect how much recording each country has digitised, not how many jellyfish are in the water.

Sea temperature in Italy

Records from GBIF, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. How the adjustment works